The growth of native chicken (kampung chicken) in Indonesia in 2012-2016 periodes experiencing a stagnation that was tend to increase, with a mean of 2,49% per year or equal to 282,09 million mean population of native chickens a year. However, the populaltion of native chicken is still low compared with broiler chicken. It shows that broiler chicken breeding is more profitable and eficient in material matter and faster harvest time (Muliany, 2016). This problem drive the breaders and researchers to enhance the growth of kampung chicken. One of the common ways is with the utilization of growth promoter antibiotics (GPA). But, the utilization of GPA has been banned in European Union and other country since 2006, due to bacterial resistance (Amad, et al. 2011; Graham et al., 2007; Jacela, et al. 2010). However, this concern is driving the researcher to find the alternative growth promoter to improve chickens growth and chicken meat production.

Phytogenic feed additive is a part of plant or its derivate such as oleoresin, oil essens, and plant extract. They had been used as an alternative growth promoter and have been reported to have positive impact in livestock health and productivity (Amad, et al. 2011). Bess, et al. (2012) assume the improvement of chicken growth in body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) are related with the antimicrobial and antiinflamation activity of the functional oil that have been added in feed. So that the high antioxidant activity and moderate Anacardium occidentale leaves extract is potential to promote the chicken growth (Ajileye et al., 2015).

Jawa super chicken is one variety of kampung chicken. Jawa super chicken is a result of crossbreeding of male lempung chicken (kampung chicken) and female broiler chicken. It has a bigger posture and same meat unique taste of other kampung chicken. It has This research is conducted to study the effect of supplementation of several consentrations of Anacardium occidentale ethanolic leaves extract (AELE) in feed on jawa super chicken weight gain and the histological Pectoralis thoracicus (PT) muscle growth. Manufacture of ethanolic extract of A. occidentale (AELE) was done by maceration method, supported with the rotary evaporator. Ninety DOC of jawa super chicken maintained for 15 days and grouped into 6 groups i.e., control group [basal feed (bf)]; P1 (1,25 g AELE/ kg bf); P2 (2,5 g AELE/ kg bf); P3 (5 g AELE/ kg bf); P4 (10 g AELE/kg bf); P5 (20 g AELE/kg bf). PT muscle was collected in day 15 and tissue preparation was done with paraffin method and Hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA of One Way Classification, followed by Tukey test.

 

 

Figure 1. Jawa super weight gain after A. occidentale ethanolic leaves extract (AELE) supplementation

 

The result of this study shows the significant improvement (P<0.05) of jawa super chicken weight gain in day-15 of group P4 (113.2±9.16 gr) and P5 (118.1±11.75 gr) compared with control group (96.5±11.42 gr).

 

 

Tabel 2. Pectoralis thoracicus (PT) muscle weight (gr), PT muscle area (cm²), myofiber area of PT muscle (μm²) after A. occidentale ethanolic leaves extract (AELE) supplementation in day-15

Parameter

Kontrol

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

Berat Otot (gr)

4,23±0,63^a,c

4,43±0,47^a,b

3,49±0,46^c

5,34±0,55^b,d

5,73±0,40^d

6,27±0,53^d

Luas Otot (cm²)

13,30±1,87^a

13,12±1,54^a,b

10,33±1,31^b

12,71±1,65^a,b

14,19±1,59^a

15,29±0,44^a

Luas Area Miofiber (μm²)

0.005±0,11^a

0,93±0,89^b

0,32±0,90^c

0,56±0,13^d

0,40±0,08^c,e

0,48±0,11^e

^a-c Different notation in a row shows a significant differences (P≤0,05).

^ns No significant differences in a row (P>0.05)

No significant result in myofiber area of PT muscle. PT muscle weight of group P3, P4 dan P5  (5,34±0,55; 5,73±0,40; 6,27±0,53 gr) significantly heavier than control group (4,23±0,63 gr). Transformation data of myofiber area of PT muscle of all treatment (P1;P2;P3;P4;P5) also significantly better (P<0.05) (0,93±0,89; 0,32±0,90; 0,56±0,13; 0,40±0,08; 0,48±0,11 μm²) compared with control group (1,04±0,28 μm²). The conclusion of this research is supplementation of AELE can improve the histological PT growth and jawa super chicken weight gain.

 

Key words: Anacardium occidentale, Jawa super Chicken, Myofiber, Pectoralis thoracicus